The Encyclopedia of Science of Information is a compendium of systematic study of Information. All concepts related with Information are brought under one ambit. The concepts related to Information such as Information access, Information age, Information analysis, Information architecture , Information audit, Information behavior ,Information broker, Information commons, Information consolidation, Information desk, Information ecology ,,Information economy, Information ethics, Information explosion, Information industry, Information law, Information literacy, Information management, Information mapping, Information marketing, Information need, Information networks ,Information overload, Information policy, Information pollution, Information poverty, Information professional ,Information retrieval , Information Science, Information search, Information security, Information services, Information sharing, Information society, Information sources, Information storage media, Information super highway Information systems, Information technology, Information theory, Information use studies, Informatics and Informetrics are delineated. This reference book has been intended for students, researchers, teachers in Library and Information Science and practicing librarians and information managers and scientific community in general.
Encyclopedia of Science of Information
Author:
G. DEVARAJAN
Rs. 2200
Additional information
| ISBN | 9789387698239 |
|---|---|
| Year of Publication | 2020 |
| Binding | HardBound |
| Pages | 448 |
| Edition | |
| Language | English |
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Information 1
Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom 3
Information - Types 4
Qualities of Information 4
Principles of Information 5
Information: Generation 5
Information Media 5
Information Uses 6
References 6
Information Access 7
The Digital Divide 8
Information Access Process 8
Models of Interaction 8
Information Access - Relevance to LIS 10
References 10
Information Age 11
Progress of computer and communication 12
Communication 14
Wide Area Networks 14
The Internet 14
Information Age 16
Information Age and Barriers of Communication 16
Information Age and Education 17
E-Journals 17
Citation Services 18
Web of Science 18
ProQuest Information and Learning 18
CiteSeerX 18
Citebase 18
Google Scholar 19
Digital Libraries 19
Libraries have become compact 19
Library Networks 20
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) 20
The British Library 20
INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) 21
How Information Age Affect Everyday life 21
Big data Management 21
Conclusion 22
References 22
Information Analysis 24
Information Analysis Vs Data Analysis 25
Information Analysis Centre 25
Information analysis and synthesis 25
1. Information Analysis Centre (IAC) Mission 26
Need for Information Analysis Centre 26
Characteristics of Information Analysis Centre 26
Information Analysis Centres 27
International 27
National 28
References 28
Information Architecture 29
References 30
Information Audit 31
Information Life Cycle 33
Information audit 33
Definitions 34
Objectives 34
Current Information Landscape 34
Organizational Culture 35
Methodology 36
Advantages of Information Audit 37
Disadvantages 37
Conclusion 37
References 38
Information Behaviour 39
Definition 39
Origin of information behaviour 40
Factors Influencing Information Behaviour 40
Information Behaviour Models 41
Wilson’s first model on information seeking 41
Dervin’s Model (1983) 42
Elli’s Behavioural Model (1989) 42
Wilson’s Information Behaviour Model (1994) 43
Wilson’s information behaviour model 1996 44
Kuhlthau’s (1993) Information Search Process Model 45
Godbold’s model of information behaviour 46
Information Behavior Research 47
Conceptual Framework of Information Behaviour Research 47
Information behavior in digital environment 50
Conclusion 50
References 50
Information Broker 52
Information Broker 52
Origin of the Information Broker 53
Services offered by the information brokers 53
Use of technology 53
Role of information brokers in Knowledge 54
a. Management 54
b. Creation 56
c. Capturing and Refining 57
d. Recording 57
e. Disseminating 57
Overcoming the challenges 58
Conclusion 58
References 59
Information Commons 60
What is Information Commons? 60
Features of Information Commons 61
How to Plan the Information Commons 62
First Phase 64
Second Phase 64
Third Phase 64
An Information Commons Model 64
Conclusion 65
References 65
Information Consolidation 66
Information Consolidation 66
Why Information consolidation? 67
Who are benefitted and what are the benefits? 68
Information Analysis and Consolidation Process 68
Synthesis of analysed information 71
Restructuring of analysed and synthesized information 71
Packaging and repackaging of restructured information 72
Dissemination of the consolidated information 73
Marketing of information products 73
I. Information consolidation products 73
II. Information Analysis and Consolidation Centres/Products in India 74
References 74
Information Desk 76
Definition 76
Accessibility to Information Desk 77
Staff considerations 77
Resources and services 77
Evaluation of Information Desk 78
Challenges 78
Conclusion 78
References 78
Information Ecology 80
References 81
Information Economy 82
Economics and Economies 83
The Concept of Information Economy 84
Pioneers in Information Economy 85
Jacob Marschak 85
Fritz Machlup 85
Marc Uri Porat 86
Daniel Bell 86
Information Industry Studies – OECD 1981 87
Uday M. Apte & Hiranya K, Nath 87
UNCTAD Information Economy Reports 87
Economic significance of Information 88
Economics of Information – An Emerging Discipline 89
Two sides of the study 89
Information as a Resource 89
Information as a Commodity 90
Information and Resource Allocation 91
Information structure of Markets 91
Macro-economics of Information 92
Micro-economics of Information 92
Economics of Information (EOL) in LIS 93
Information pricing and price studies 93
Information Marketing 94
Demand Analysis 95
Cost-Benefit Analysis 95
Information Economics- A new Name for EOI 97
References 97
Information Ethics 101
Information Ethics 101
Development of Information Ethics 102
Factors that Influence Information Ethics 102
Conclusion 105
References 105
Information Explosion 106
Factors that Lead to Information Explosion 107
Impact of Information Explosion 107
Challenges 107
References 107
Information Industry 108
Definition 108
Functions of Information Industry 109
Classification of Information Industry 109
Characteristics of Information Industry 109
Components of Information Industry 110
1. Authors 110
2. Publishers 110
3. Distributors 111
4. Users 111
References 111
Information Law 112
I. Information governed by government 112
India – Right to Information Act, 2005 112
USA - Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) 113
UK- Freedom of Information Act- UK 114
II. Information created by persons 114
India – Indian Copyright act, 1957 115
United Kingdom – British Copyright Act, 1956 116
United States - US Copyright Law 117
III. Personal Information Law 118
India 118
United States 118
United Kingdom 119
References 119
Information Literacy 121
Definitions 121
Historical Overview 122
Related Concepts 123
Basic Literacy 123
Computer Literacy 123
Media Literacy 123
Network Literacy 123
Digital Literacy 123
Dimensions of Information Literacy 123
Information Literacy Life Cycle 124
Information Literacy Skills 125
Information Literacy Competency Standards 125
Conclusion 126
References 126
Information Management 128
Buzzu-words of the Day : Innovation, Disruptive Technologies and Disintermediation 129
The New Information Landscape 129
Information and Knowledge Resources 131
Strategies for Content Aggregation and Content Integration 132
Criticalities of Marketing the LIC 136
Innovative Infromation Marketing Strategies 137
Key Information Marketing Concepts 138
Evaluation 138
Conclusion 138
References 139
Information Mapping 141
Components of the Method 141
Principles of Mapping 142
Advantages 143
References 144
Information Marketing 145
Information as a product 146
What is marketing? 146
Origin and growth of marketing 147
Information Marketing 148
Marketability of Information 148
Unique Characteristics of Information Products 148
Why Marketing Information Products & Services? 150
Marketing Concepts and Strategies 151
Marketing strategy for Information Products /Services 152
Marketing Models 152
Market Planning 153
Setting the market objectives 153
Market Research and Segmentation. 154
Product Development 155
Promotion 156
Promotional mechanism 156
Marketing in the digital age 156
Distribution 157
Pricing 157
Evaluation 158
Marketing Mix 159
Information Marketing in India 161
Conclusion 161
References 162
Information Need 166
Etymology 166
Information 166
Need (n) 167
Need(v) 167
Background 167
Critical Information Needs (CIN) 168
Definition 168
Concept of Information need 169
Information Seeking Behaviour 169
References 170
Information Networks 171
Need for Library Networking 171
To ensure economy 171
To encounter the pressure of information explosion 171
Types of Library Networks 172
LAN 172
WAN 172
MAN 172
CAN 172
Topology 172
Star Network 172
Bus Network 173
Mesh Network 173
Ring Network 173
Fully connected Network 173
Multi-drop Network 173
Internet 173
Internet Services 174
(i) Electronic Mail (e-mail) 174
Social Networking Service 175
Subject Gateways 175
Electronic Business 175
Telecommuting 175
Croudsourcing or Outsourcing 175
Intranet 175
Extranet 175
References 175
Information Overload 176
Origin of the Concept 176
Causes of Information Overload 177
Solutions to Information Overload 178
References 179
Information Policy 180
Information Policy: Definition 181
1. National Information Policy 181
i. Freedom of Information Act 2002 183
ii. E-Governance and Information Freedom 183
iii. Copyright 183
Rights of copyright holders 184
Library’s role in information policymaking 184
Information Policy as Library Policy 184
Collection policy 185
Circulation policy 185
Reference policy 185
Preservation policy 185
Intellectual freedom 185
ALA information policies 185
Major Issues of Information Policy in Electronic Environment 186
Conclusion 186
References 186
Information Pollution 188
Information overload 188
Manifestations of Information Pollution 189
A. Disruption of information 189
B. Quality of the information 189
Characteristics of Information pollution 189
Impact on the individual 189
Impact on society 189
Impact on business 190
Tackling of this problem 190
Conclusion 190
Information Poverty 191
References 192
Information Professional 193
Qualifications 194
References 194
Information Retrieval Systems 195
What is Information Retrieval System? 196
Components of an IR system 197
Knowledge Representation 197
Semantic Network Knowledge Representation 197
Frame Based Knowledge Representation 197
Rule-Based Knowledge Representation 197
Indexing 198
Search Agent 198
Boolean Operators 198
Truncation Search 199
Context Setting 199
Clustering Algorithms 199
Soundex and Metaphone Algorithms 200
Objectives of Information Retrieval System 200
Features of IR System 200
Types of Information Storage and Retrieval System 201
Database Management System (DBMS) 201
Text Retrieval System 201
Management Information System (MIS) 201
Decision Support System (DSS) 202
Knowledge Based System (KBS) 202
Steps in the Development of IR Systems 203
Information Retrieval Models 203
Linguistic Models 203
Mathematical Models 204
Fuzzy Logic Model 204
Set Theoretic Model 204
Vector Space Model 205
Psychological Model 205
The Economic Model 205
User Model in Information Retrieval 206
Evaluation of IR system 207
Recall Ratio 207
Precision Ratio 208
Noise ratio 208
Fallout ratio 208
Generality ratio 209
Novelty ratio 209
Conclusion 209
References 209
Information Science 211
Origin 212
Definitions 212
Scope of information science 213
Information Science and Society 213
Information Systems and Information Science 213
Information Retrieval 214
Information Retrieval Systems 215
Functions of IR System 215
Information retrieval Standards and Protocols 215
Evaluation of IR Systems 216
Web Information Retrieval 216
Information Society 216
Interdisciplinary nature of information science 217
Library Science and Information science 217
LIS Education and Information Science 217
Conclusion 218
References 218
Information Search 219
Information Search 219
Types of Searches 219
Simple Search 220
Advanced Search 220
Meta Search 220
Use of Keywords 220
Controlled Vocabulary 220
Case Sensitivity 220
Use of Abbreviations 221
Information Search Process 221
Stage 1: Initiation 221
Stage 2: Selection 221
Stage 3: Exploration 221
Stage 4: Formulation 221
Stage 5: Collection 221
Stage 6: Search Closure 222
Steps in Developing Search Strategy 222
Use of Search Strategies 222
Boolean Search 222
Boolean Searching 223
Full Boolean Operators 223
Implied Logic 223
Use of Symbols 223
Limitations of Boolean Search 223
Non-Boolean Searches 223
Best Match Searching 223
Merits and Demerits of Best Match Searching 224
On-line Searching 224
Conclusion 224
References 224
Information Security 225
Information security 225
History 225
Definitions 226
Components 227
Threats 228
Responses to threats 228
Principles 229
Confidentiality 229
Integrity 229
Availability 230
Non-repudiation 230
Risk management 230
Security controls 231
Administrative 231
Information Security-classification 231
Access control 232
Cryptography 232
Security governance 233
Incident response plans 233
Change management 233
Business continuity 234
Information security culture 234
Sources of standards 235
Information Security & Privacy 236
Protecting privacy in information systems 237
Policy Communication 237
Policy enforcement 237
Protecting privacy on the internet 237
References 238
Information Services 239
Philosophy of Information service 239
Documentation 240
Need of Documentation 240
(i) Quantitative growth of Literature 240
(ii) Economic Issues 241
(iii) For research work 241
(iv) Social needs 241
(v) Problems of Communication 241
(vi) Organisation of Literature 241
(vii) Industrial Needs 241
(viii) Language Barrier 241
Objectives of Documentation 242
Facets of Documentation 242
Referral Service 242
Current Awareness Services 243
Characteristics of Current Awareness Service 243
Types of Current Awareness Services 244
(i) Addition list or Accession list 244
(ii) Bibliographical services 244
(iii) Contents pages of Journals 244
(iv) News Paper Clipping Service 244
(v) Library Bulletin 245
(vi) Routing of Periodicals 245
Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) 245
Construction of Users’ Profile 245
Construction of Documents profile 246
Matching Mechanism 246
Issue of Notification 246
Profile Modification 246
Backup Services 246
Reprographic Services 247
Methods of Reprography 247
Translation Service 247
Types of Translations 248
Scope of Technical Translation 248
Translation Services 248
National organisations 248
International Organisations 249
(i) National Translational Centre (NTC) 249
(ii) International Translation Centre (ITC) 249
Publications 249
References 249
Information Sharing 251
History 251
Meaning and Concept of Information Sharing 252
Related works 252
Objectives of information sharing 253
Best practices in Information Sharing 253
Types of Information Sharing 253
Challenges of Information Sharing 254
Non-portable format 254
Language 254
Technological barriers 254
Copyright laws 254
Noise 254
Conclusion 254
References 254
Information Society 256
Information as Resource 256
(a) Information in Business and industry 256
(b) Information in planning and policy making 257
(c) Information in management and decision making 257
Information Society: Origin, definition and back ground 257
Characteristics of the Information Society 258
(a) Economic Character 258
(b) Technological Characteristics 258
(c) Social Characteristics 259
(d) Political Characteristics 259
(e) Cultural Characteristics 259
Peculiarities of an Information Society 259
Changing Role of ‘Information’ in Information society 260
1. Information is used as an economic resource 260
2. It is possible to identify greater use of information among the general public 260
3. Development of an information sector within the economy 260
Vital Issues of Information Society 260
ICT and Information Society 262
The emerging Information Industries 262
Citizens’ Access to Information 263
The impact on the Information Professions 263
Conclusion 263
References 264
Information Sources 265
Definitions 265
Classification 266
Documentary Sources 267
Primary Sources 267
Periodicals 267
Research reports 268
Patents 269
Standards 269
Theses and Dissertations 270
Trade literature 270
Conference proceedings 271
Government Publications 271
Unpublished Primary sources 273
Secondary sources 273
Indexes 274
Abstracting periodicals 274
Bibliographies 275
Review of Literature 276
Monographs 276
Treatises 276
Text books 277
Encyclopaedias 277
Dictionaries 278
Manuals 278
Translations 278
Tertiary Sources 278
Bibliography of Bibliographies 279
Guides to Literature 279
Directories 279
Year Books 280
Almanacs 280
Trend Reports 280
Union Catalogues 280
Non-Documentary Sources 281
Electronic Sources 281
References 281
Information Storage Media 282
Ancient storage Media 282
Stone 282
Clay Tablet:3100 BC 283
Papyrus: 3000 BC 283
Bamboo:1000BC 283
Wax, leaves and wood: 5th century BC 284
Palm leaf 284
Birch bark 284
Ostraca 284
Parchment and vellum 285
Paper: AD 105 285
Digital Storage 285
Punched card 286
Punched Tape 286
Microfilm 286
Microfiche 286
Magnetic Tape 286
Magnetic Drums 287
Magnetic Disk 287
Optical Disk 288
Cloud storage 288
Cloud Storage Providers 288
1. Dropbox 289
2. Google Drive 289
3. Microsoft OneDrive (SkyDrive) 289
4. Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo 289
References 289
Information Superhighway (ISH) 290
Internet and ISH 291
Evolution of the Concept 291
Definitions 292
Components of ISH 292
Sources of Information 293
Transmission Mechanisms 293
ISH Infrastructure 293
National Information Infrastructure 294
Technologies Involved 294
Digital Communication 295
Wireless Communication 295
Fiber-Optic Transmission 295
High-Capacity Delivery to Consumers 295
In-transmission Services 296
Viewer-Controllers 296
Convergence 296
Client/Server Model 297
Look and Feel of ISH 298
Application Programmes 298
Barriers 298
Benefits of ISH 298
ISH Facilities for Day-to-day Requirements Available 298
Future of ISH 303
Conclusion 303
References 304
Information Systems 306
Information System 306
National Information System for Science and Technology (NISSAT) 307
Subject Coverage 308
Main Functions 308
National Information Centres 308
Virtual Information Centre 309
Grass Root Level Reforms 309
NACIDS: National Access Centres to International Database Services 309
National Server on Factual Science and Technology Information 309
IT Applications 310
International Information Systems for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS) 310
Chemical Abstracts Services (CAS) 311
Development Science Information System 312
Functioning of DEVSIS 314
International Nuclear Information System ( INIS) 315
Safeguards & Verification 317
Safety and Security 317
Science & Technology 317
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) 317
UNISIST 319
Biosciences Information System (BIOSIS) 321
The Information Products and Services of BIOSIS 322
References 322
Information Technology 323
Definition 323
Components of Information Communication Technology 324
(i) Computer Technology 324
Types of Computers 324
(ii) Communication Technology 325
(iii) Storage Technology 326
Basics of Computer Hardware 326
Main computer Parts 326
Input output devices 326
Keyboard 326
Mouse 327
Scanners 327
Bar Code Reader 327
Voice Recognition System 328
System Unit 328
Output devices 328
Visual Display Unit 329
Printers 329
Secondary or Auxiliary memory devices 330
Measurement units 333
Computer language 333
Types of Programming languages 333
Computer Software 333
Operating system 334
Application software 334
Network 335
Terms: client / server 336
Internet, Intranet, Extranet 337
Ways to connect to the Internet 337
Connection methods 337
Application of ICT in everyday life 338
Internet Services 338
E-Learning 338
Teleworking 338
E-MAIL, IM, VOIP, RSS, BLOG, PODCAST 338
Virtual Communities 339
Network based Information services 340
(i) Internet as an information Source 340
(ii) Online Access to Database 340
(iii) E-mail Alert Service 340
(iv) Content page service 340
Web 2.0 341
RSS and syndication 341
Blogs 341
Library 2.0 342
Wikis 343
Social networking 343
Mashup 343
Protection when using ICT 344
Data Security 344
Malicious Programmes 344
Legal Regulations 345
Conclusion 346
References 346
Information Theory 348
Historical Background 348
Classical Information Theory 350
Shannon’s Communication Model 350
Applications of Information Theory 351
(i) Data Compression 351
(ii) Error-correcting and error-detecting codes 352
(iii) Cryptology 352
(iv) Linguistics 353
(v) Algorithmic Information Theory 354
(vi) Physiology 354
(vii) Physics 355
Conclusion 355
References 356
Information Use Study 357
Information Use Study 357
Information Use Study-Benefits 357
Components of Information Use Study Model 358
Parameters for Information Use Study 358
(a) Working days and hours 358
(b) Staff Excellence 359
(c) Library Infrastructure 359
(d) ICT Infrastructure and Know-how 359
(e) Overall policy of the institution on library 359
(f) Budget 359
Need for Information Use Study 359
(a) Procurement Policy 359
(b) Weeding or switching over to electronic media 360
(c) Constraints in information use 360
Types of Information Use Study 360
User-based Information Use Study 360
Profession-based Information Use Study 360
Subject-based Information Use Study 360
Non-electronic Source-based Information Use Study 361
Electronic Source-based Information Use Study 361
Oral Information Use Study 361
I. Methods for conducting Information Use Study 361
Conclusion 362
References 362
Informatics 363
Definitions 363
Genesis 364
Scope 365
Informatics as a Discipline 365
Interrelationship with other Disciplines 366
Application of Informatics 367
Archival informatics 367
Bioinformatics 368
Biodiversity Informatics 368
Business Informatics 368
Chemical informatics 369
Community Informatics 369
Cultural Informatics 370
Ecoinformatics 370
Geoinformatics 371
Health informatics 371
Legal informatics 372
Materials informatics 372
Music informatics 372
Neuroinformatics 373
Organizational Informatics 373
Social informatics 373
Urban Informatics 374
Education and Research 374
Publications 377
Books 377
Journals in Informatics 378
Applied Computing and Informatics 378
Applied Clinical Informatics Thieme 378
Applied Informatics. SpringerOpen 378
Biomedical Statistics and Informatics. Science Publishing Group. 379
Health Informatics: An International Journal 379
Informatics. MDPI 379
Informatics in Medicine Unlocked(IMU) 379
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 379
International Journal of Medical Informatics 380
Journal of Health & Medical Informatics 380
Databases 380
ASME Digital Collection 380
IEEE Xplore Digital Library 381
ScienceDirect Journals (Elsevier) 381
SCOPUS (Elsevier) 381
Web of Science (formerly Web of Knowledge) 381
ACM Digital Library & Guide 381
Future 381
Conclusion 382
References 382
Informetrics 384
Historical development of Informetrics 385
Statistical Bibliography to Altmetrics 386
Evolution of Informetrics 387
Definitions 389
Overview of the Major Informetric Topics 393
Citation Studies 393
Document and Co-word Analysis 395
Resource Utilization 395
Growth and Obsolescence 395
Science Indicators and Policy Development 395
Use of Informetrics 396
Applications of Bibliometrics/ Informetrics 396
Subfields of Informetrics 397
Citation studies 398
Word-related Analysis 398
Author – Related Analysis 398
Literature Growth studies 398
Theoretical Informetrics 398
User studies 398
Circulation Studies 399
Document and Content Analysis 399
Theoretical Informterics 400
Bradford’s Law of Scattering 400
Lotka’s Law of Scientific Productivity 400
Zipf’s Law of word Frequency Distribution 401
Application of Informetrics in Research Evaluation 402
For Institutions/ Collaborative Research Group 402
For a Scientist 402
For a Country 402
For a Journal 402
Common Informetric Indicators 402
New trends in Informetrics 404
Analysis of full text 404
Measurement of information 404
Mapping and Visualisation 404
Cybermetrics and Webometrics 404
Bibliograms 405
Challenges ahead for Informetrics 405
Conclusion 406
References 407
Index 410